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  3.1

  Volume of distribution

  This lesson covers the volume of distribution, Vd: what it measures, and how binding in plasma, binding in tissue and trapping in lysosomes change it. Warfarin and chloroquine show the two extremes, and the link between Vd and half-life.

  6:39
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  3.2

  Protein and tissue binding

  This lesson covers protein and tissue binding: the fraction unbound, albumin and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and how binding affects the action at the target, distribution into tissues and elimination. A study of warfarin in 31 patients shows how the fraction unbound changes clearance.

  6:58
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  3.3

  The blood-brain barrier

  This lesson covers the blood-brain barrier: tight junctions, the efflux transporters P-gp and BCRP, and the ratios Kp and Kp,uu. A PET study in healthy volunteers and a study of loperamide in mice show how much P-gp limits brain uptake.

  6:32
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  3.4

  Placenta and breast milk

  This lesson covers drug transfer across the placenta and into breast milk: passive diffusion, protein binding, efflux transporters, ion trapping, the milk-to-plasma ratio and the relative infant dose. Lamotrigine shows transfer by both routes.

  6:41

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